D.E. Wittkower
Meditations on First Philosophy
After several years working on a treatise putting forth his mechanistic philosophy and physics, Descartes shelved the project when his conte…
The Enchiridion of Epictetus
Epictetus (Greek: Επίκτητος; c.55–c.135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. The name given by his parents, if one was given, is not known - the …
The Twilight of the Idols
Of The Twilight of the Idols, Nietzsche says in Ecce Homo: “If anyone should desire to obtain a rapid sketch of how everything before my tim…
Studies in Pessimism
Arthur Schopenhauer, an early 19th century philosopher, made significant contributions to metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. His work also…
Introduction to The Philosophy of History
The introduction to Hegel's lectures on the philosophy of world history is often used to introduce students to Hegel's philosophy, in part b…
Utilitarianism
In Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill presents a thorough examination of the ethical theory that advocates for actions that promote the greate…
Reflections on War and Death
Anyone, as Freud tells us in Reflections on War and Death, forced to react against his own impulses may be described as a hypocrite, whether…
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophic Essay (Hastie Translation)
This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…
A Letter Concerning Toleration
Letter Concerning Toleration by John Locke was originally published in 1689. Its initial publication was in Latin, though it was immediately…
The Moral Equivalent of War
The Moral Equivalent of War, the last public utterance of William James, is significant as expressing the opinions of a practical psychologi…
Perpetual Peace, A Philosophic Essay (Trueblood Translation)
This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…
On the Popular Judgment: That may be Right in Theory, but does not Hold Good in the Praxis
This tripartite essay – published variously as “On the Popular Judgment” (J. Richardson trans.), “On the Old Saw” (E.B. Ashton trans.), or “…
Of the Injustice of Counterfeiting Books
This essay of Kant’s on copyright argues that the unlicensed copying of books cannot possibly be permissible, due to the fact that it assume…